Objects as Parameters

Estimated time to read: 4 minutes

Using an Object as a Parameter

First, let’s create a class called Cupcake:

class Cupcake {
  String flavor;
  boolean sprinkles;

  public Cupcake(String type, boolean hasSprinkles) {
    flavor = type;
    sprinkles = hasSprinkles;
  }
}

Now, we’ll create a class called Bakery whose constructor accepts an object of Cupcake as a parameter:

java
class Bakery {
  Cupcake bakeryCupcake;
  double price;
  String giveTotal;

  public Bakery(Cupcake cupcakeType, double priceOf) {
    bakeryCupcake = cupcakeType;
    price = priceOf;
    giveTotal = "The " + bakeryCupcake.flavor + " cupcake is €" + price;
  }
}

Inside the main() method of the Bakery class, we’ll create a new Cupcake object called chocolateSprinkle. Then, we’ll create a new Bakery object, called myBakery, that takes the chocolateSprinkle object as a parameter:

public static void main(String[] args) {
  Cupcake chocolateSprinkle = new Cupcake("chocolate", true);
  // Add your code below
  Bakery myBakery = new Bakery(chocolateSprinkle, 3.25);
  System.out.println(myBakery.giveTotal); 
}

When we run this program, we get the following output:

The chocolate cupcake is €3.25

Creating a Copy of an Object

If we use an object as a parameter for a constructor method, it’s a good programming practice to not modify said object unless the situation requires it. If we do find ourselves needing to modify an object sent as a parameter, we should set the instance variable to hold a copy of the referenced object instead of the original object.

Let’s say we added the line bakeryCupcake.flavor = "vanilla";to our Bakery constructor that changes the flavor value of the chocolateSprinkle object to "vanilla".

public Bakery(Cupcake cupcakeType, double priceOf) {
  bakeryCupcake = cupcakeType;
  // change cupcake object flavor to vanilla
  bakeryCupcake.flavor = "vanilla";
  price = priceOf;
  giveTotal = "The " + bakeryCupcake.flavor + " cupcake is €" + price;  
}

class Cupcake {
  String flavor;
  boolean sprinkles;

  public Cupcake(String type, boolean hasSprinkles) {
    flavor = type;
    sprinkles = hasSprinkles;
  }
}

class Bakery {
  Cupcake bakeryCupcake;
  double price;
  String giveTotal;

  public Bakery(Cupcake cupcakeType, double priceOf) {
    bakeryCupcake = cupcakeType;
    price = priceOf;

    // Uncomment line below
     bakeryCupcake.flavor = "vanilla";
    giveTotal = "The " + bakeryCupcake.flavor + " cupcake is €" + price;

  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Cupcake chocolateSprinkle = new Cupcake("chocolate", true);

    // Create an object that takes in an object as a parameter
    Bakery myBakery = new Bakery(chocolateSprinkle, 3.25);

    // Output a value of parameter object
    System.out.println("Our object sent as a parameter has a flavor value of "  + myBakery.bakeryCupcake.flavor);

    // Output a value of original object
   }
}

See how the Bakery constructor is impacting the flavor instance variable of our chocolateSprinkle object instead of only changing bakeryCupcake? Both of their flavor instance variables now have a value of "vanilla".

Why did this happen? When an object is sent as an argument, the value sent to the parameter is a reference to the original object and not a copy of the original object; therefore, whenever we make a change to our parameter object, we are also making a change to our original object. Note that this doesn’t happen with primitive values because the parameter value is initialized with a copy of the argument value.

To only change the value of the parameter object and not the original object, we’ll discuss how to create a copy of an object.

One way to create a copy of an object is to make a copy constructor. The copy constructor is an additional class constructor; remember, a class can have multiple constructors as long as each constructor has its own unique signature. Copy constructors create a copy of an object by taking in an object and setting the values of the new object to the same values of the parameter object.

class Cupcake {
  String flavor;
  boolean sprinkles;
  // original constructor
  public Cupcake(String type, boolean hasSprinkles) {
    flavor = type;
    sprinkles = hasSprinkles;
  }
  // copy constructor
  public Cupcake(Cupcake copy) {
    flavor = copy.flavor;
    sprinkles = copy.sprinkles;
  }
}

public Bakery(Cupcake cupcakeType, double priceOf) {
  // Create a copy Cupcake object
  Cupcake copy = new Cupcake(cupcakeType);
  // set bakeryCupcake to hold value of object copy
  bakeryCupcake = copy;
  price = priceOf;
  bakeryCupcake.flavor = "vanila";
  giveTotal = "The " + bakeryCupcake.flavor + " cupcake is €" + price;
}

In our constructor, we created a new object, copy, that calls the copy constructor in order to create and store a copy of our parameter object cupcakeType. Then, we set our instance variable, bakeryCupcake to store the value of copy.

Now that we have a copy of the object, we don’t have to worry about an object sent as a parameter to the Bakery class changing the state of our Cupcake objects, like chocolateSprinkle. By adding a copy constructor to our code, our output changes.

class Cupcake {
  String flavor;
  boolean sprinkles;

  public Cupcake(String type, boolean hasSprinkles) {
    flavor = type;
    sprinkles = hasSprinkles;

  }
  // copy constructor
  public Cupcake(Cupcake copy) {
    flavor = copy.flavor;
    sprinkles = copy.sprinkles;
  }
}

class Bakery {
  Cupcake bakeryCupcake;
  double price;
  String giveTotal;

  public Bakery(Cupcake cupcakeType, double priceOf) {
    // Create a copy Cupcake object
    Cupcake copy = new Cupcake(cupcakeType);
    // set bakeryCupcake to hold value of object copy
    bakeryCupcake = copy;
    price = priceOf;
    bakeryCupcake.flavor = "vanila";
    giveTotal = "The " + bakeryCupcake.flavor + " cupcake is €" + price;
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Cupcake chocolateSprinkle = new Cupcake("chocolate", true);
    Bakery myBakery = new Bakery(chocolateSprinkle, 3.25);

    // Output a value of parameter object
    System.out.println("Our object sent as a parameter has a flavor of "  + myBakery.bakeryCupcake.flavor);

    // Output a value of original object
    System.out.println("Our original object has a flavor of " + chocolateSprinkle.flavor);
  }
}

• Objects can be sent as a parameter to a constructor.
• In order to avoid changing the state of the original object, it’s best practice to create a copy of the object sent as a parameter.
• One method of copying an object is creating a copy constructor that copies the attributes of an object into a new object.